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Extracellular signals are typically perceived by membrane-localized receptors, which transduce intercellular signals to activate various downstream pathways. Endogenous secreted peptide hormones have emerged as novel signaling molecules in plants, functioning through the formation of ligand–receptor pairs. In this lecture, I will present our studies on the diverse functions of peptide hormone–receptor pairs in Arabidopsis. I will also discuss the functional diversity of peptide hormones across land plants with our recent data.