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Numerous numbers of bacteria resides on the surface of body, skin and mucosal surfaces. Especially in the human colon, there are more than 40 trillions of bacteria, collectively called gut microbiota, which exceed ~30 trillions of somatic cells constituting an adult human body.  Gut microbiota has been implicated to have a significant impact on the host physiology and pathology. Gut microbiota is reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. I here introduce our study showing that gut microbiota has causative effects on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, obesity and insulin resistance, and pediatric bronchial asthma.