Parapercis phenax from Japan and P. banoni from the Southeast Atlantic, New Species of Pinguipedid
Fishes Previously Identified as P.
roseoviridis
John E. Randall1
and Takeshi Yamakawa2
1Bishop
Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA
2Faculty
of Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
(Accepted Date June
17, 2005)
Abstract John E. Randall and Takeshi Yamakawa (2005)
Parapercis phenax from Japan and P. banoni from the southeast Atlantic,
new species of pinguipedid fishes previously identified as P. roseoviridis. Zoological Studies XX(X): x-y. The pinguipedid fish Parapercis phenax, formerly identified
as P. roseoviridis (Gilbert), is
described as a new species from 42 specimens, 87.2-179.7 mm SL, taken by trawl
in 322-600 m on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge.
It differs from the endemic Hawaiian P.
roseoviridis in having 60-64 lateral-line scales (vs. 54-57), 10-13
lower-limb gill rakers (vs. 8-10), and in larger size (largest roseoviridis, 159 mm SL). Parapercis
banoni, trawled in 220-235 m on the Valdivia Bank in the southeastern
Atlantic and first identified as P.
roseoviridis by Bañón et al. (2000), is described from 4 specimens,
148-191.5 mm SL. It is closest to P.
phenax, but differs in having a broader interorbital width (5.5-5.7% SL vs.
3.2-5.1% SL for phenax), shorter
pelvic fins (17.0-17.6% SL vs. 18.3-23.1% SL for phenax), and no black pigment on the spinous portion of the dorsal
fin. Parapercis maritzi Anderson (1992), described from 12 specimens, 131-167
mm SL, collected in 80-200 m off Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,
represents a 4th species of the roseoviridis
complex.
Key words: Fish
taxonomy, Pinguipedidae, Parapercis,
new species
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Introduction
The
fish genus Parapercis Bleeker,
species of which are known by the English common name sandperches, has been classified
in the Parapercidae and Mugiloididae, but Rosa and Rosa (1987) showed that the
correct family name is Pinguipedidae.
Cantwell (1964) revised the genus, treating 26 species. Randall and Francis (1993) described P. colemani from Norfolk Island, noting
that it represented the 43rd valid species, but they were unaware at
the time that Anderson (1992) had described P.
maritzi from 80-200 m off
Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Anderson listed P. ventromaculata
Manilo (1990) from the Maldive Is. as valid; however, it is a synonym of P. maculata Randall (1984), as noted by
Randall and Francis (1992).
The
genus Parapercis is well represented
in Japan by 22 species (Masuda et al., 1984), one of which was identified as P. roseoviridis (Gilbert), otherwise
known only from the Hawaiian Is.
The Japanese record of this species is from Yamakawa in Okamura et al.
(1982), a report on fishes collected on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge in 1978-1979
from the fishery research vessels Shinei-Maru
No. 53 and Kyoyo-Maru No. 2.
Forty-two specimens, 87.2-176.6 mm SL, were taken by trawling at depths
of 322-600 m. The color of the
small Japanese specimens matched the color description of the 2 type specimens
of P. roseoviridis (62 and 71 mm
total length) from Maui given by Gilbert (1905), “light rose above, crossed by
5 pairs of broad brownish green bars,…”
The color of larger adults from Japan is almost identical to that of
Hawaiian specimens
In
an unpublished PhD thesis on fishes taken by trawling from the National Marine
Research vessel Townsend Cromwell in
Hawaiian waters in 1967-1968, Struhsaker (1973) reported “about 690 specimens”
of Parapercis roseoviridis from a
depth range of 183-296 m. He
provided the length of 40 specimens from 1 station as 84-146 mm SL. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu has 17
lots of this species totaling 131 specimens, of which the two largest is 148
and 159 mm SL. The larger size of
the Japanese specimens (11 of 42 specimens over 159 mm SL) aroused suspicion
that they might represent a different species. A comparative study revealed
species-level differences, notably 54-57 lateral-line scales for the Hawaiian
specimens, compared to 60-64 for the Japanese. A description of the new Japanese
species is provided here.
Much
more surprising than the record of Parapercis
roseoviridis in Japan was the report of 4 specimens of this species,
148-190 mm SL, from the Valdivia Bank in the southeastern Atlantic at depths of
220-235 m, described in detail by Bañón et al. (2000). These were taken during 2 experimental
surveys of the bank by Spanish commercial bottom trawlers, one in 1996 and one
in 1998. Only 1 other species of
the genus is known from the Atlantic,
P. atlantica (Vaillant), endemic to
the Cape Verde Is. The Valdivia
Bank specimens have 61-63 lateral-line scales, hence within the range of the
scale counts of Japanese specimens. However, the spinous portion of the dorsal
fin is not largely black as in both the Japanese species and P. roseoviridis, and there are
morphometric differences. A new
name is provided here for these 4 specimens, with additional descriptive
information and a color illustration.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Specimens
of the new species from Japanese waters have been deposited in the Australian
Museum, Sydney, (AMS); Museum of
the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ASIZP): the Natural
History Museum, London (BMNH); Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI (BPBM);
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
(BSKU); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA (CAS); Natural
Science Museum, Tokyo (NSMT); and the National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, D.C., USA (USNM).
Specimens from the Valdivia Bank have been deposited in the Instituto
Español de Oceanographia, Vigo, Spain (IEOV) and the Bishop Museum.
Two
of the 4 Valdivia Bank specimens were sent on loan to the authors so that
direct comparisons could be made with the Hawaiian and Japanese material.
Proportional measurements of the species are based on these 2 specimens.
Standard
length (SL) is taken from the front of the upper lip to the base of the caudal
fin (end of hypural plate). Body
depth is the maximum depth, adjusting for any obvious malformations of
preservation. Body width is
measured just behind the gill opening (anterior to the base of the pectoral
fins). Head length is measured from
the front of the upper lip to the end of the opercular membrane. Orbit diameter is the greatest diameter
to the fleshy edges of the orbit.
Interorbital width is the least fleshy width. The length of the upper jaw is measured
from the front of the upper lip to the posterior fleshy edge of the jaw. The depth of the caudal peduncle is the
least depth, and the length of the caudal peduncle is taken horizontally from
the rear base of the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin. Lengths of the dorsal and anal
spines and rays are measured from the point they depart from the contour of the
body (not to their extreme bases as can be detected by x-ray). Pectoral- and pelvic-fin lengths are the
lengths of the longest ray.
Counts
of lateral-line scales do not include the last pored scale, which is on the
caudal-fin base. Gill-raker counts
contain all rudiments, with the counts of the upper limb given first (no gill
raker is at the angle of the gill arch).
In
the description of the new species, data in parentheses refer to
paratypes. Proportional
measurements were rounded to the nearest 0.05.
Parapercis
phenax
sp. nov.
(Tables
1-4, Figs. 1-5)
Parapercis roseoviridis
(non Gilbert) Okamura et al. 1982: 253, fig. 172 (Kyushu-Palau Ridge).
Parapercis roseoviridis (non
Gilbert) Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984: 290, pl. 260, fig. D (Kyushu-Palau
Ridge).
Holotype: BSKU 29292, male, 158.3 mm, Palau-Kyushu
Ridge, 26°46’N, 135°22’E, 320-395 m, 18 December 1979.
Paratypes: BSKU 26239, 141.5 mm, Kyushu-Palau
Ridge, 26°13’N, 135°46’E, 360 m, 11 Feb. 1978; BSKU 26207, 161.8 mm and NSMT-P
69429, 163.6 mm, 26°46’N, 135°24’E, 324 m, 13 Feb. 1978; BSKU 28956, 157.5 mm,
26°12’N, 135°46’E, 510 m, 19 Nov. 1978; BSKU 29312, 147.0 mm, 26°6’N, 134°39’E,
550-600 m, 18 Dec. 1979; BSKU 29387, 94.3 mm, 26°46’N, 135°23’E, 330-350 m, 18
Dec. 1979; BSKU 29470, 176.6 mm, 26°5’N, 135°50’E, 360-370 m, 16 Dec. 1979;
BSKU 30452, 179.7 mm, 26°5’N, 135°50’E, 381 m, 16 Dec. 1979; BSKU 30674-80, 7:
146.4-167.9 mm, 16 Dec. 1979; CAS 220646, 170.5 mm, 26°11’N, 135°45’E, 355-375
m, 16 Dec. 1979; BPBM 39608, 3: 141.8-153.8 mm, 26°5’N, 135°50’E, 358-375 m, 16
Dec. 1979; BSKU 31522-23, 2: 147.1-162.0 mm, 26°46’N, 135°19’E, 322-340 m, 17
Dec. 1979; USNM 379992, 3: 121.8-162.8 mm, 26°46’N, 135°19’E, 322-340 m, 17
Dec. 1979; AMS I.43450-001, 150.2 mm, ASIZP 62963, 158.2 mm, and BMNH
2004.10.26.2, 144.1 mm, 26°45’N, 135°22’E, 326-340 m, 17 Dec. 1979; BSKU
31938-47, 10: 135.3-169.6 mm, 26 °46’N, 135°23’E, 18 Dec. 1979; BSKU 32045-48,
4: 87.2-146.5 mm, 18 Dec. 1979.
Diagnosis: Dorsal rays IV or V (rarely IV), 23-24
(rarely 24); anal rays I,19-20 (usually 19); pectoral rays 19 or 20 (usually
19); lateral-line scales 60-64; gill rakers 4-7 + 10-13; 3 pairs of canine
teeth anteriorly in lower jaw; palatine teeth present; body depth 5.0-5.95 in
SL; head length 3.45-3.6 in SL; last 2 dorsal spines subequal, the last usually
longest, 3.8-4.15 in head length; last interspinous membrane of dorsal fin
attached to 1st dorsal soft ray nearly 1/2 length of ray from its
base; caudal fin slightly rounded; pelvic fins reaching or extending slightly
beyond anus, 1.25-1.55 in head length; body pink dorsally, lavender-white
ventrally, with a series of 10 short dusky green to yellow bars on upper side
of body (indistinct dorsally), the last 2 on caudal peduncle nearly merged;
spinous portion of dorsal fin largely black. Size to 180 mm SL.
Description: Dorsal rays V (IV or V, 5 of 42 with
IV), 23 (23-24, 1 of 42 with 24); anal rays I,19 (19 or 20, 4 of 42 with 20);
all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 21 (20 or
21, 17 of 42 with 20), all rays except uppermost branched; pelvic rays I,5, all
rays branched; branched caudal rays 15; upper and lower simple segmented rays 2;
upper unsegmented procurrent caudal rays 8 (7-9); lower unsegmented procurrent
caudal rays 7 (6-8); lateral-line scales 62 (60-64), not including 1 on
caudal-fin base; scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 5; scales
below lateral line to origin of anal fin 16 (15-17); predorsal scales about 9;
circumpeduncular scales 30; gill rakers 5 + 10 (4-7 + 10-13); branchiostegal
rays 6; pseudobranchial filaments 23 (18 in 87.3-mm paratype, 20 in 112.4-mm
paratype, 21 in 147.0-mm paratype, and 25 in 176.6-mm paratype); vertebrae 32
(31-33, usually 32).
Body
moderately elongate, the depth 5.5 (4.9-5.8) in SL, and nearly cylindrical
anteriorly, the width slightly greater than depth; ventral part of head and
chest flat; head length 3.55 (3.45-3.6) in SL; snout length 3.0 (2.9-3.3) in
head length; eye moderately large, the fleshy orbit diameter 3.35 (3.1-3.6) in
head length; interorbital space flat to slightly concave, the least fleshy
width 6.1 (5.65-8.9) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.9 (2.95-3.05) in
head length; caudal-peduncle length 3.4 (3.15-3.6) in head length.
Mouth
large, terminal, and oblique, forming an angle of about 20° to horizontal axis
of head and body; maxilla reaching a vertical at front edge of pupil, the
upper-jaw length 2.35 (2.35-2.5) in head length; front of upper jaw typically
with 5 moderately large incurved canine on each side, followed by a slight gap
and a series of about 12 progressively smaller incurved teeth on side of jaw; a
band of incurved villiform teeth medial to upper canines, broadest anteriorly
(in a maximum of 6 or 7 rows in holotype); front of lower jaw with 3 strong
incurved canines on each side, followed in outer row by a gap (villiform teeth
visible medially in gap), then a series of 3 to 5 larger teeth, 1 or 2 of which
are as large or larger than anterior canines of lower jaw; outer row ending
with a series of about 12 much-smaller teeth; a band of villiform teeth medial
to outer row of teeth in lower jaw, broadest anteriorly (in a maximum of 7 or 8
rows), the band quickly narrowing on side of jaw; vomer with small conical
teeth in 2 irregular rows forming a broad V-shape; an irregular double or
single row of very small conical teeth on palatines (dentition illustrated in
Fig. 1). Inner surface of lips with
large fleshy papillae that interdigitate with outer row of teeth. Tongue small and pointed, set far back
in mouth.
Fig.
1.
Dentition of Parapercis phenax
sp. nov., from BSKU 31524, nontype dissected specimen.
Gill
membranes free from isthmus, with a broad fold across. Gill rakers as small spinous
tubercles. Nostrils small, in front
of center of eye (as viewed from side), the anterior nostril a short membranous
tube, the posterior part elevated; posterior nostril about 2 nostril diameters
behind anterior nostril, with only a slight rim. Sensory pores of lateralis system
prominent (Figs. 2, 3), with 1 between anterior and posterior nostrils, and 1
above posterior nostril; a pore at front of snout in line with nostrils,
followed by 3 along edge of upper lip, the last followed by an irregular series
of suborbital pores; 2 pairs of pores forming a square in anterior 1/2 of
interorbital space, and 3 pores medially in posterior 1/2; a transverse series
of pores anteriorly on occiput continuing behind upper part of each eye;
numerous pores more posteriorly in occipital region; a series of 6 prominent
pores along edge of preopercle (sometimes with a few secondary pores along
ventral edge); 5 mandibular pores on each side, in line with 1st preopercular
pore.
Fig.
2.
Side view of the head of the holotype of Parapercis phenax sp. nov.
Fig.
3.
Dorsal view of the head of the holotype of Parapercis phenax sp. nov.
Opercle
with a stout sharp spine, angling slightly upward, at level of lower edge of
eye and upper end of pectoral-fin base; upper edge of subopercle with a very
small spine (1 to 3 on paratypes); preopercle broadly rounded, its free edge
extending from level of opercular spine to below middle of orbit; fleshy
posterior edge of preopercle usually with a close-set series of very small
papillae (difficult to see on many specimens, and seem to be absent from some).
Scales
on body ctenoid, becoming cycloid below 1st few dorsal spines and
progressively smaller on nape; scales dorsally on nape extending slightly
anterior to upper end of preopercle; opercle and subopercle covered with small
ctenoid scales except for a naked marginal zone; naked zone below eye about
two-thirds pupil diameter in depth; naked zone at margins of opercular bones
about 1/4 to 1/2 pupil diameter; snout naked; prepectoral scales and those on
side of chest mainly ctenoid, becoming cycloid ventrally; no scales on dorsal
and anal fins; small cycloid scales on a semicircular patch on base of pectoral
fins, extending at most to 1/3 length of fin; small ctenoid scales basally on
caudal fin, becoming smaller out on rays to about 2/3 length of fin (scales
variably missing on caudal fin of type specimens). Lateral line beginning just above upper
end of gill opening, arched over pectoral fin, then gradually descending to
midlateral position on posterior 2/5 of body.
Origin
of dorsal fin above 3rd and 4th lateral-line scales, the predorsal length 3.25
(3.25-3.4) in SL; lst dorsal spine short, 8.8 (7.7-10.2) in head
length; last 2 dorsal spines subequal, the last usually longest, 4.1 (3.8-4.15)
in head length; membrane between last dorsal spine and 1st soft ray attached to
ray nearly 1/2 ray length above base; 20th to 22nd dorsal
soft rays longest, 2.05 (2.0-2.25) in head length; origin of anal fin below
base of 6th or 7th dorsal soft rays, the preanal length
2.15 (2.15-2.3) in SL; anal spine slender and close to 1st anal soft ray, its
length 7.05 (5.35-7.4) in head length; 16th-18th anal
soft rays longest, 2.35 (2.1-2.4) in head length; caudal fin slightly rounded,
5.25 (4.5-5.2) in SL; pectoral fins slightly pointed, the 10th or 11th
rays longest, 5.0 (4.35-5.3) in SL; origin of pelvic fins on a vertical with opercular
spine; pelvic spine very slender, the distal end difficult to determine, the
spine length 3.7 (3.1-3.9) in head
length; pelvic fins reaching or extending slightly beyond anus, the 4th
pelvic soft ray longest, 1.5 (1.25-1.55) in head length.
Color
of holotype in alcohol uniform pale brown, the fins pale yellowish except
spinous portion of dorsal fin which is dusky, with black over most of last 3
membranes.
Color
of male holotype when fresh as in Fig. 4:
pink on about dorsal half of body, the scale edges darker than centers,
lavender-white ventrally, with a longitudinal series of 10 short yellow bars on
upper side, indistinct dorsally, as pairs from closer spacing, the last 2 on
caudal peduncle nearly confluent; a prominent deep pink to red quadrangular
spot between anterior part of lateral line and basal part of pectoral fin;
lateral line conspicuous due to darker pink color; head deep pink dorsally with
broad irregular yellow markings, pale lavender-pink below; spinous portion of
dorsal fin dusky pink with a large vertically elongate black spot on each of
last 3 membranes, the black of each spot covering most of its membrane;
membranes of soft portion of dorsal fin lavender-white, grading to pale
yellowish distally, the rays pale yellow; anal fin lavender-white; caudal fin
pale pink with a trace of a lengthwise yellow band in upper middle part of fin;
paired fins pale lavender-pink.
Fig.
4.
Holotype of Parapercis phenax
sp. nov, BSKU 29292, male, 158.3 mm, Palau-Kyushu Ridge.
Color
of 147-mm female paratype of BSKU 29387 shown in fig. 5; pattern basically that
of holotype, but body paler pink dorsally with dusky yellowish green bars, and
pale lavender-blue ventrally; postorbital head and nape red with a coarse
reticulum of dull yellowish green; a broad yellow streak just visible in caudal
fin. The dark bars of this fish may
still be seen in preservative, in contrast to the larger male specimens with
yellow bars in life.
Fig.
5.
Paratype of Parapercis phenax,
BSKU 29387, female, 147 mm, Palau-Kyushu Ridge.
Etymology: This species is named Parapercis phenax from the Greek for
imposter, in reference to its resemblance to, and previous misidentification
as, P. roseoviridis.
Remarks: Marshall (1950) was the first to
recognize that a species of Parapercis
is sexually dichromatic when he discovered that P. polyophtalma (Cuvier) is the female, and hence a junior synonym
of the male P. hexophtalma
(Cuvier). He also noted the
larger size of males than females and suspected that this species is a protogynous
hermaphrodite. Nakazono et al.
(1985) showed that P. snyderi Jordan
and Starks undergoes sex change from female to male from histological
examination of the gonads. It seems
likely that this sex change takes place in all species of the genus. The difference in size with sex is
evident in P. phenax, as can be seen
in Table 1. The smallest specimen
is immature, the next 4, 94.3 to 147 mm, are females, and the remaining 4,
157.5-176.6 mm, are males. Our
other paratypes conform to the female-male size difference.
Table
3 shows the complete separation in lateral-line scale counts of Parapercis phenax and P. roseoviridis. Table 4 documents the difference in the
lower-limb gill-raker counts for the 2 species. Little was found in proportional measurements
to differentiate them. The diameter
of the eye is greater on the average for P.
phenax, but this is not a useful character because there is too much
variability in eye size at the same length in the same species. One difference is the presence of a
distinct naked border on the free edges of the preopercle, opercle, and
subopercle of phenax and its
near-absence (when scales are intact) on roseoviridis
(compare Figs. 2 and 3 with Figa. 7 and 8). Also it seems clear that phenax attains larger size, to 180 mm
SL, compared to the maximum length of 159 mm for roseoviridis.
The color patterns of Parapercis phenax and P. roseoviridis (Fig. 6) are remarkably
similar in color pattern. While one
can find slight differences by comparing color photographs of the 2 species,
these tend to disappear with the examination of more photographs. One consistent difference, however, is
the more-conspicuous lateral line of P.
phenax due to its darker coloration.
Another is the presence of small pale yellow spots basally on the soft
portion of the dorsal fin of P.
roseoviridis except on the 1st few membranes; these are absent in our
photographs of P. phenax.
Fig.
6.
Parapercis roseoviridis, BPBM
17340, male, 142 mm, Maui, Hawaiian Is.
Fig.
7.
Side view of the head of Parapercis
roseoviridis (BPBM 17340).
Parapercis
banoni
sp. nov.
(Tables
2-5, Figs. 9-12)
Parapercis roseoviridis
(non Gilbert) Bañón et al. 2000: 411, fig. 1 (Valdivia Bank, southeastern
Atlantic).
Holotype:
IEOV 01598, 191.5 mm, southeast Atlantic, Valdivia Bank, 26°11’S, 6°21’E, 228
m, trawl, 18 Nov. 1998.
Paratypes:
IEOV 03596, 186 mm, Valdivia Bank, 26°13’S, 6°15’E, 220 m, trawl, 15 Aug. 1996;
BPBM 39628, 162 mm, Valdivia Bank, 26°13’S, 6°15’E, 220 m, 30 Aug. 1996; IEOV
0l698, 148 mm, Valdivia Bank, 26°6’S, 6°21’E, 235 m, 16 Nov. 1998.
Diagnosis: Dorsal rays V,23 or 24; anal rays I,19;
pectoral rays 20 or 21; lateral-line scales 61-63; gill rakers 3-6 + 10 or 11;
3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly in lower jaw; palatine teeth present; body
depth 4.9-5.1 in SL; head length 3.6-3.7 in SL; last 2 dorsal spines longest
and subequal; last interspinous membrane of dorsal fin attached to 1st
dorsal soft ray nearly 1/2 length of ray from base; caudal fin slightly
rounded; pelvic fins not reaching anus, 1.55-1.65 in head length; orangish pink
dorsally, shading to white below, with 5 pairs of yellow bars on upper side,
narrowing ventrally and becoming diffuse dorsally; a red spot above base of
pectoral fin; spinous portion of dorsal fin without dark pigment. Size to 191.5 mm SL.
Description: Dorsal rays V,23 (23 or 24); anal rays
19; all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 21 (20
or 21), all rays except uppermost branched; pelvic rays I,5, all rays branched;
branched caudal rays 15; upper and lower simple segmented caudal rays 2; upper
unsegmented procurrent caudal rays 8 (7); lower unsegmented procurrent caudal
rays 7 (6); lateral-line scales 62 (61-63), not including 1 on caudal-fin base;
scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 5; scales below lateral line
to origin of anal fin 18 (17); predorsal scales about 9-10; circumpeduncular
scales 30 (28); gill rakers 6+10 (4-6 + 10-11); branchiostegal rays 6;
pseudobranchial filaments of 162-mm paratype 21; vertebrae 32.
Body
moderately elongate, the depth 4.9 (5.1) in SL, and nearly cylindrical
anteriorly, the width slightly greater than the depth; ventral part of head and
chest flat; head length 3.6 (3.7) in SL; snout length 2.85 (2.8) in head
length; eye moderately large, the fleshy orbit diameter 3.9 (3.4) in head
length; interorbital space flat to slightly concave, the least fleshy width 4.9
in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.7 (2.9) in head length; caudal-peduncle
length 3.65 (3.45) in head length.
Mouth
large, terminal, and oblique, forming an angle of about 25° to horizontal axis
of head and body; maxilla reaching a vertical at front edge of pupil, the
upper-jaw length 2.2 (2.3) in head length; front of upper jaw with 5 moderately
large incurved canine on each side, followed in by a slight gap and a series of
13 progressively smaller incurved teeth on side of jaw; a band of incurved
villiform teeth medial to upper canines, broadest anteriorly (in a maximum of 8
rows in holotype); front of lower jaw with 3 strong incurved canines on each
side, then a gap (showing the more-medial villiform teeth), before 4 or 5
outer-row teeth (the 2 middle ones nearly as large as anterior canines), and
about 15 small teeth to end of jaw; a band of villiform teeth medial to
anterior canines in about 6 rows at front of jaw in holotype), the band
narrowing and ending about 1/2 way back in jaw; vomer with small conical teeth
in 2 or 3 irregular rows forming a broad V; palatines with small conical teeth
in 1 or 2 irregular rows. Inner
surface of lips with large fleshy papillae that interdigitate with outer row of
teeth. Tongue small and pointed,
set far back in mouth.
Gill
membranes free from isthmus, with a broad fold across. Gill rakers as small spinous
tubercles. Nostrils small, in front
of center of eye (as viewed from side), the anterior nostril a short membranous
tube, elevated posteriorly; posterior nostril about 2 nostril diameters behind
anterior nostril, with only a slight rim.
Sensory pores of lateralis system prominent (Figs. 9, 10), 1 between
anterior and posterior nostrils, 1 behind posterior nostril, 1 at front of
snout in line with nostrils, followed by 3 along edge of upper lip, the last
followed by an irregular series of suborbital pores; a transverse pair of pores
in middle of interorbital space, each preceded by a pore (the 4 nearly forming
a square); a median series of 3 pores in posterior interorbital space; rows of
pores in occipital region and behind eye; a series of 6 prominent pores along
edge of preopercle; 5 mandibular pores on each side, in line with 1st
preopercular pore. Figure
11 provides for comparison of the nostrils and nearby sensory pores of
Parapercis roseoviridis, P. phenax, and P. banoni.
Fig.
9.
Side view of the head of the holotype of Parapercis banoni sp. nov.
Fig.
10.
Dorsal view of the head of the holotype of Parapercis banoni sp. nov.
Opercle
with a stout sharp spine, angling slightly upwards, at level of suborbital
series of pores and well above pectoral-fin base; upper edge of subopercle with
1 or 2 very small blunt spines; preopercle broadly rounded, its free edge
extending from level of opercular spine to a vertical at anterior edge of
pupil; no very small papillae detected along fleshy posterior edge of
preopercle.
Scales
on body ctenoid, becoming cycloid below 1st few spines of dorsal fin
and on nape where progressively smaller; scales dorsally on nape extending to
above upper end of preopercle; cheek and opercle covered with small ctenoid scales
except for a broad marginal zone (depth of naked suborbital zone equal to pupil
diameter, that of preopercular margin 1/2 that wide); ctenoid scales on cheek
variable in forward extension, reaching slightly anterior to front of orbit on
some specimens, and not reaching on others; snout naked; scales on prepectoral
area and side of chest ctenoid, becoming cycloid ventrally on chest. No scales on dorsal and anal fins; small
ctenoid scales in a semicircular patch on base of pectoral fins, extending out on
rays to at least 1/2 length of fin; ctenoid scales basally on caudal fin,
quickly becoming smaller and cycloid as they extend out on rays to at least 2/3
length of fin. Lateral line
beginning just above upper end of gill opening, arched over pectoral fin, then
gradually descending to midlateral position on posterior 1/3 of body.
Origin
of dorsal fin above 3rd lateral-line scale, the predorsal length 3.45 (3.5) in
SL; lst dorsal spine short, 11.5 (11.2) in head length; last 2
dorsal spines subequal, the last usually longest, 4.15 in head length; membrane
between last dorsal spine and 1st soft ray attached to ray about 1/2
ray length above base; 21st or 22nd dorsal soft rays
longest, 2.05 (2.0) in head length; origin of anal fin below base of 5th
dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 2.1 (2.15) in SL; anal spine slender and
close to 1st anal soft ray, its length 6.95 (7.5) in head length; 16th
to 18th anal soft rays longest, 2.35 in head length; caudal fin
slightly rounded, 5.2 (5.3) in SL; pectoral fins slightly pointed, the 10th
to 12th rays longest, 5.1 (5.2) in SL; origin of pelvic fins on a
vertical with base of opercular spine; pelvic spine very slender, the distal
end difficult to determine, the spine length 4.1 (3.9) in head length; pelvic fins not reaching
anus, the 4th pelvic soft ray longest, 1.65 (1.55) in head length.
Color
of holotype in alcohol: Pale
orangish brown dorsally, pale yellowish ventrally; a vertically elongate,
near-rectangular, dusky spot between the pectoral-fin base and 2nd
to 4th lateral-line scales; fins pale translucent yellowish.
Color
of holotype when fresh (Fig. 11):
Orangish pink dorsally, shading to white on side, with faint pale pink
edges on scales; 5 pairs of yellow bars on upper side, the spacing between pairs
only slightly greater than that separating a single pair; yellow bars narrowing
ventrally and fading dorsally, the edges of scales within bars pink; a
conspicuous red spot between pectoral-fin base and anterior lateral line, hence
encroaching on 1st yellow bar; head orangish pink, suffused with
yellow dorsally, pale pink ventrally; iris pink with a yellow arc dorsally and
a dark red spot posteriorly; spinous portion of dorsal fin pale pink; remaining
median fins pale pink, the anal fin, caudal fin, and about posterior half of
dorsal fin suffused with pale yellow; basal scaled part of pectoral fins pink,
the outer part mainly pale yellow; pelvic fins pale yellow and pink.
Fig.
11. Holotype
of Parapercis banoni sp. nov., IEOV 01598,
191.5 mm, Valdivia Bank, southeastern
Fig. 12. Nostrils of (A) Parapercis roseoviridis; (B) P. phenax sp. nov.; (C) P. banoni sp. nov.
Etymology: Named banoni for Rafael Bañón who first reported the species with his
coauthors and provided us with specimens and color photographs.
Remarks: The lateral-line scale and lower-limb
gill raker counts and the presence or absence of a naked border on opercular
bones that separate Parapercis phenax
from P. roseoviridis also serve to
distinguish banoni from roseoviridis. The absence of dark pigment on the 1st
dorsal fin of banoni provides a quick
separation of banoni from phenax (and roseoviridis as well).
Several differences in proportional measurements of banoni and phenax may be
seen from a comparison of tables 1 and 5.
The most trenchant are the greater interorbital width, shorter 1st
dorsal spine, and shorter pelvic fins of banoni
(not reaching anus, but extending to or slightly beyond anus in phenax).
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DISCUSSION
Parapercis roseoviridis,
P. phenax and P. banoni are
3 of a complex of 4 deep-dwelling species of the genus. The 4th is P. maritzi Anderson, described from 2 lots
of a total of 10 specimens from off Tranzkei and KwaZulu-Natal, South
Africa. One lot was taken by a
bottom trawl at 80-150 m, and the other from a dredge haul at 200 m. The life color of P. maritzi is not known, but this species has the series of 10
paired blotches along the upper side, the 2 on the caudal peduncle which merge
as a band. However, the blotches as
shown in Anderson’s fig. 1 of both an 81-mm juvenile and the 159-mm holotype,
an adult male, are distinct and dark.
A male specimen of either phenax
or roseoviridis of 159 mm SL would
have yellow blotches in life that would not persist in preservative. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin of
P. maritzi is described and illustrated as uniform dusky, in contrast
to the black of much of the spinous fin of roseoviridis
and the pale pink fin of banoni. One morphological difference in maritzi is the attachment of the last
interspinous membrane of the dorsal fin to the 1st soft dorsal ray
at the level of the tip of the 5th spine, hence about 2/3 of the ray length
from the fin base (Anderson’s fig. 4).
These
4 species are unique in their limited and highly disjunct distributions. It seems likely that their distributions
will be enlarged, and it is possible that other species in this complex remain
to be discovered.
Acknowledgments: We thank foremost Rafael Bañón for the
loan of 2 of the 4 type specimens of the new Parapercis from the Valdivia Bank and for color photographs. Thanks
are also due Loreen R. O’Hara of the Bishop Museum for curatorial assistance
and x-rays, and Yoshihiko Machida, Professor of Kochi Univ., for authorizing
the loan of Japanese specimens of Parapercis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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