國際海洋物理科學協會

Committee 2008-2011

Committee 2004-2007

Committee 2000-2003

2003

The following projects are being organized and will be carried out from 2003 to 2006 by marine scientists from Taiwan with cooperation with their international partners.

Kuroshio variability and Physical Oceanography in the Western Pacific (TY Tang of National Taiwan University)

 This project is to build an observation network in the western Pacific adjacent to Taiwan and to develop hydrodynamic models, which are capable of assimilating the observational data for the forecast/nowcast of physical conditions.  In the past decade or so, our understanding of the ocean conditions around Taiwan has made tremendous progress, thanks to the support of the Ministry of Education and the National Science Council.  The integrated research projects, such as the Kuroshio Edge Exchange Process (Keep), World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX), and the Kuroshio Upstream Dynamics Experiment (KUDEX), explored the seas adjacent to Taiwan.  As a result of these efforts, we not only accumulated a lot of observational data of Taiwan’s ocean environment but also built up the country’s ability to conduct oceanic survey.  However, the oceanic area that control Taiwan’s climate and local currents is not restricted to the seas near Taiwan.  It is now time to put our efforts together to get a more complete picture of the seas surrounding Taiwan, especially in physical oceanography, which is the base for the other oceanographic studies.

In order to construct such a complete picture, we must include the study of the Kuroshio, which is the principal western boundary current in the western Pacific.  The Kuroshio is not only important to science, but also has a great influence on the economical and cultural development of the country.  The Kuroshio flows primarily along the eastern coast of Taiwan but frequently intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) and East China Sea (ECS), which are the marginal seas south and north of Taiwan (Liang et al., 2002;  Tang and Yang, 1993;  Tang et al., 1999, 2000, 2002).  Through these intrusions, the Kuroshio has a significant impact on the marginal seas (Qu et al., 1997).  Meanwhile, the marginal sea also has a large feedback on the Kuroshio.  The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and KUDEX project improved our understanding of the Kuroshio, but the improvement is limited.  The KEEP and SCSMEX explored the interaction between the Kuroshio and marginal seas (ECS and SCS).  These studies provided a chance to further study the characteristics of the Kuroshio around Taiwan in a complete picture.

To monitor Kuroshio variation and the adjacent western Pacific by observation will be very expensive, if not impossible.  A more effective and economical way to study the Kuroshio variability is to build a modest observation network at a few key sites in the western Philippine Sea and to establish a validated North Pacific Ocean numerical model, which may be used to assimilate observational data.  A regional model centered on Taiwan can be built upon the bigger model.  These two validated model should be useful not only in the study of Kuroshio but also in the study of marginal seas around Taiwan.  The models eventually could become the nowcast/forecast model in the western Pacific Ocean.  Its application would greatly benefit studies in the other fields, especially the accompanying regional climate study.

 Asia-Pacific Climate Dynamics (CH Sui of National Central University)

 Climate variability in the Asia-Pacific region is dominated by intraseasonal oscillation (ISO, or 30-60 days oscillations) and El Nino-Southern Oscillations (ENSO).  Both phenomena originate in the tropical ocean-atmosphere and interact with Asia monsoon and interdecadal variability.  Such multi-scale variability in the Asia Pacific climate system involves various processes in the ocean-atmosphere-land system.  Among many relevant issues, the proposed project will focus on the study of:

●  How the ISO and ENSO affect east-Asian climate, and

●  How the associated regional air-sea interaction in the western Pacific warm pool feedback to the climate variability.

Concerning the effect of ENSO on Asian-Australian monsoon, it has been well

known that, simultaneously with, say, an El Niño development in the Pacific, western Indian Ocean warms up, first along the African coast, then spread eastward to the whole Indian basin.  More interestingly, however, is the cooling in the northwest Pacific (NWP) and the slow expansion of the major ENSO signals into the western Pacific and South China Sea.  This forms the longest persisting feature of an ENSO episode, which remains a statistically significant signal in the western Pacific Ocean after 11 to 12 months lag.  Peak central-eastern Pacific warming causes a weaker east-Asian winter monsoon (confined in the lower troposphere) that is associated with warmer SST along east-Asian coastal regions including S. China Sea.  The persistent NWP anticyclonic circulation affect east-Asian summer rainfall following the peak warming in winter (Chang et al 2000).  The anticyclones in the Indian ocean and west Pacific ENSO have been explained by warming-induced Walker circulation and the associated Rossby waves (e.g. Wang et al. 2002).  The mechanism maintaining the persistent NWP anticyclonic circulation, however, cannot be explained by the atmospheric response to remote forcing.  The air-sea interaction must play an important role.  Several mechanisms have been proposed that involve coupled tropical waves (Battisti and Hirst 1989), atmospheric-bridge mechanism (Lau and Nath 2000), and local air-sea interaction (Wang et al. 2000, 2002).  The physical mechanisms involved in this kind of air-sea climate variability need to be investigated.  This relation should be exploited for seasonal forecast in eastern Asia.

Water Column Biogeochemistry & Particle Dynamics (DD Sheu of National Sun Yat-Sen University)

This project is to explore the biogeochemical responses in the oligotrohphic upper ocean near Taiwan to external physical and chemical forcing and to understand the processes that control the flux and properties of sinking particles that feed the deep ocean.  While the upper ocean, the layer of the ocean from the air-sea interface to the base of the permanent thermocline, constitutes less than a quarter of the volume of the oceans, it is the “transducer” that takes the physical forcing from the energetic atmospheric and oceanic processes and translate it into the main driving force of the ocean biogeochemistry.  These processes lead to important consequences in three aspects:  (1) the responding chemical signals that may alter the atmospheric composition of green house gases and other radiatively-active gases, (2) the cascading effects on the food-web and marine resources, and (3) the geochemical imprints preserved in sedimentary and coral records that are often used as climatic proxies.  This project will explore the biogeochemical processes in the western Pacific, which are driven by the oceanic and climatic dynamics that are examined in the previous two projects.  In turn, they drive the trophodynamics of the marine ecosystem and control the sedimentary properties, which are topics for the following projects.

     The upper ocean is the principle site for the production of marine organic matter and their alteration and consumption by biological as well as abiological processes.  Aside from the internal cycling, transformations and translocations of the elements, the upper ocean also serves as the interface between the oceans and other geochemical reservoirs of the Earth.  The ocean not only serve as the major sink of atmospheric and terrigenous materials (such as CO₂ and sediments), but also serve as an important source of aerosols (atmospheric fine particles), which play a vital role in climate dynamics.  Such coupling sonstitutes one of the most important climatic feedback loops through the action of aeolian (wind delivered) dusts, which are critical in controlling marine biological processes, including nitrogen fixation and algal bloom, which in turn control the chemical composition of the atmosphere.  The particulate organic matter sinks to the deep seafloor from the upper water column, though mostly decomposes, may carry important information to the sediments.  Ability to decipher such information accurately is considered one of the most important tasks in re-constructing past records of climate change.

     The locality of Taiwan makes it ideal for the study of ocean biogeochemistry.  The juxtaposition to the Asian continent makes seas surrounding Taiwan favorable receiving sites of the Asian dust.  Located to the east of Taiwan is the oligotrophic Philippine Sea, which is adjacent to the warm pool of the western Pacific.  Variation and shifting of the warm pool following ENSO events or other climatic oscillation may alter the stratification of the Philippine Sea, which will undoubtedly result in variability of nutrient dynamics.  The changes could be more dramatic that observed at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series station due to the more complex external forcing in this area.  The mainstream of the Kuroshio current, a dominant western Pacific boundary current, which flows northwards along the eastern coast off Taiwan not only dominates the upper ocean dynamics in the western Philippine Sea but also strongly affects circulation in all seas adjacent to Taiwan.  To the north of Taiwan is the East China Sea, which is one of the larger and more productive shelf seas of the world.  It is also the receiving water of Changjiang, one of the major rivers of the world.  To the south of Taiwan is the South China Sea, which is considered a treasure box that has preserved valuable paleoceanographic records in its deep basin.  Besides, its responsiveness to monsoon, typhoon and other forms of physical forcing makes it a natural experimental tank.

Marine Biology Resources and Ecosystem Dynamics (IH Ni & KT Lee of National Taiwan Ocean University)

     The ocean is not just a huge thermostat making our planet habitable;  the ocean itself is also the habitat of a great multitude of life.  Marine organisms are a source of food for humans on one hand;  they also form a complicated ecosystem, on the other hand, that not only support each other but also play a vital role in regulating the complex climate system.  How to use the ocean wisely is one of the most important questions facing human society.  Better strategy of exploitation and management depend on better knowledge and sensible policy.  Four projects are organized to address the issue of marine environment and resources:  (1) Marine Biology Resources and Ecosystem Dynamics, (2) The Fate of Terrestrial Substances in Seas Around Taiwan, (3) Marine Biodiversity & Environmental Correlation, and (4) Marine Policy & Resources Management.  The first and third project will draw heavily on the research results from the regional climate study and the coastal ocean study carried out in the second project.  The last project that delves on policy will serve as the interface between the science & technology research and the management aspects of ocean affairs.

     The first project is the application of remotes sensing (satellite and hydro-acoustics) to evaluate the impact of environmental changes (global warming, upwellings, river runoffs, and coastal pollution) on marine biological resources (primary productivity, fisheries abundance and wildlife migration).  We are particularly interested in the (a) Kuroshio Current from southern Taiwan branched into northern Taiwan with upwellings where are major fisheries grounds as well as (b) the water runoff from the Yantze river because of the Three-Gorges-Dam that would violate regular fish spawning and therefore have serious impact on fish recruitments.  This Marine Biology Resources and Ecosystem Dynamics project is the integration of 5 sub-projects as follows:

A.   Biological resources (tunas, swordfish, shark, mackerel, mullets, squids, whales, etc.) migration and population dynamics in the western Pacific;

B.    Hydro-acoustic survey on plankton and fish vertical distribution and abundance;

C.   Satellite remote sensing on sea surface temperature (SST), pigment concentration (PC) and RadarSat SAR for sea currents and upwellings on primary production;

D.   Incorporation of fisheries resources concentration and abundance (from sub-project A) with oceanographic environments from satellite (sub-project C) and hydro-acoustic (sub-project B) findings;

E.    Trophic transfer of trace metals from sea water to plankton and then to fish.

1996 

The major institutes engaged in research in physical sciences of the ocean in the Republic of China include Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei; College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung and Department of Oceanography of National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung.

In 1962 Chinese scientists started to participate in cooperative study of Kuroshio (CKS) program. Chinese research vessels Yang-Ming and Chiulien have carried out cruises in the eastern offshore areas of Taiwan for hydrographic, chemical, biological and geological observations. Four volumes of reports have been published for the CSK program by the ROC SCOR Committee in 1966, 1968, 1969 and 1970.

In 1985 under the support of the National Science Council, the 800-ton R/V Ocean Researcher I was built in Norway to conduct research in various disciplines of oceanography. Since then, our marine sceintists have actively executed many research programs in the South China Sea, Phillipine Sea, East China Sea, and the offshore and nearshore areas of Taiwan.

The Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes (KEEP) program was established in 1989 and continued until present. In the KEEP program our scientists studied the water circulation, particulate fluxes, benthic biogeochemistry and biological processes in the East China Sea. The purpose of this program is to understand the physical mechanism that drives the water exchange between the open ocean and the shelf sea and to estimate the consequent fluxes of biogenic, lithogenic and anthropogenic materials in one of the most dynamic regions of the world ocean. A cyclonic mesoscale eddy northeast of Taiwan was discovered in 1994 by Dr. T.Y. Tang of National Taiwan University. This eddy is thought to be a major mechanism for the exchange of water and biogeochemical materials across the shelf edge. These studies have provided important information on the environmental condition in this area as well as its global implication.

The second phase of the program (KEEP-II) focused on the processes that control the biogeochemical fluxes in the East China Sea emphasing on the biological productivity and the export of carbon from the shelf sea to the deep sea. Both processes are closely related to the interaction between the Kuroshio and the East China Sea shelf water. The program is expected to be completed in 1999.

The study area covers the continental shelf of the East China Sea including the Taiwan Strait, and the Okinawa Trough. Our scientists also actively participated in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE).

WOCE is a major oceanic program of WCRP (World Climate Research Program) to study the role of oceans in the climatic change. WOCE is jointly sponsored by WMO (World Meteorological Organization) and ICSU (International Council of Scientific Unions), it is also endorsed by IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic, Commission of UNESCO) and SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research).

If we understand the controlling mechanism of climatic change, we should be able to predict the climatic change by feeding most important data into our climatic model; the first goal of WOCE is to make "global description" of our oceans, then find out important oceanic parameters for describing our present climate, determine their influence on climatic change, and to propose proper methods for monitoring these important oceanic parameters in long term.

Kuroshio, the most important current in the Pacific ocean, originates from the North Equatorial Current in the region east of Luzon. It carries large amount of heat, fresh water, and salt from low latitudes to mid-latitudes, reduces the latitudinal contrasts in temperature and salinity, and sustains the vertical circulation in high latitudes. Since Kuroshio is not well defined before reaching Taiwan, and Taiwan is one of two places that both the cross-stream sea level change of Kuroshio may be monitored, and shallow moorings may be deployed to directly measure Kuroshio's flow structure. In 1989, ROC National Science Council (NSC) decided to support all WOCE proposed field and research programs near Taiwan. This kind of policy was adopted in supporting other international programs such as TOGA, JGOFS, PAGES, etc.

The progress of ROC WOCE projects (responsible person) is summarized as follows:

(A) WOCE Repeated Hydrography PR20/PR21 sections: the hydrographic sections started from October 1990 and have continued for five years in describing the long-term mean state of Kuroshio and its inter-annual variation in the source region;

(1) PR20 section: (Dr. Cho-Teng Liu of National Taiwan U.): this line starts from the southern tip of Taiwan and ends at 21^o45'N, 130^oE. Hydrographic surveys have been regularly carried out along PR20 every half year; preliminary results from CTD and ADCP data show that both the path and the transport of Kuroshio are unstable, and the North Equatorial Current may have significant contriubtion to the Kuroshio in regions from Mindanao to the north of Luzon;

(2) PR21 section: (Dr. Wen-Ssn Chuang of National Taiwan U. and Dr. Hsien-Wen Li of National Taiwan Ocean U.) This section lies between the southern tip of Taiwan and NE corner of Luzon Island. Hydrographic surveys have been successfully carried out seven times in four years; preliminary results from CTD and ADCP data show that the western boundary of Kuroshio often crosses PR21 line into the South China Sea and returns to the Pacific near the southern tip of Taiwan;

(B) Surface ARGOS Drifter: (Dr. Jien-Hua Hu of National Taiwan Ocean U.) The drifter project is aimed at observing the path of Kuroshio surface water in the Lagrangian way; in cooperation with Dr. Niiler of Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 2 to 4 times per year a set of 5 to 10 ARGOS drifters were released between Luzon and Taiwan; results show that the northward flowing Kuroshio surface water may choose a path different from passing the east coast of Taiwan before flowing towards Japan, such as a path to the South China Sea, to Taiwan Strait, or even returns southeastward to the east of Luzon;

(C) Voluntary Observation by Ships (VOS-XBT):(Dr. Chung-Kun Wu of N. Sun Yat-sen U.) This project is to survey the thermal structure of subtropical surface water and the poleward mass and heat fluxes in the North Pacific Ocean; it is in cooperation with Drs. Cutchin and White of Scripps Institute of Oceanography, two to four times per year about 300 XBT (Expendable Bathythermograph) probes are deployed between Kaohsiung, Guam, Hawaii and San Francisco. The XBT sections indicate the presence of many eddies along the XBT section, seasonal and inter-annual variation of these eddies are related to the North Equatorial Current;

(D) PCM1: (Dr. Cho-Teng Liu of National Taiwan U.) Field projects include bimonthly hydrographic surveys to dissect Kuroshio's temperature and salinity structure, deployment of ADCP and RCM (recording current meter) moorings to directly measure Kuroshio's velocity structure and its mass and heat transport, deployment of IES (Inverted Echo Sounder) to study the meander motion of Kuroshio, collection of sea level data to find its relation to Kuroshio transport, and study satellite altimeter data to monitor the leakage of Kuroshio to the deep ocean east of the Ryukyu Islands; the observation started from Sept. 1994 for two years; PCM1 is jointly carried out by Drs. Li, Chuang and Wang from ROC and by Drs. Lee and Johns from Univ. of Miami.

In the past, we made several hydrographic sections across Kuroshio to have its general physical, chemical, and biological description through water mass analysis and to derive its velocity structure and mass transport through geostrophic computation. In the WOCE program, we will repeat this hydrographic surveys ten times with much better data quality, measure Kuroshio velocity structure directly using both Lagrangian method (ARGOS surface drifters), and Eulerian method (ADCP & RCM moorings, and sections of vessel-mount ADCP data), long term monitoring of Kuroshio transport (sea level gauge) and heat transport (IES), and monitoring Kuroshio transport leakage (satellite altimetry). The collected data will be analyzed for understanding the general hydrography and controlling mechanisms of our marine environment, and the role it plays in the global climatic change.

As a part of the KEEP program, the Radioisotope Laboratory of the Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, led by Dr. Yu-Chia Chung, has undertaken a sediment trap mooring program to intercept settling particulates in the KEEP area since 1992. A total of 16 moorings of time-series sediment traps have been deployed and recovered successfully in the marginal sea off northeastern Taiwan and the southern Okinawa Trough since then.

Sediment traps were deployed at depths ranging between 300m and 1600m in the study area. The trapped particulates collected from these moorings are composed mainly of silts and sands of terrigenous origin with some clays as well as remains of micro-organisms. The apparent mass flux increases with the depth of deployment and shows synchronized periodic variations. These data indicate that the main pathway for the terrigenous particulates is the Mien-Hua canyon off northeastern Taiwan and leading toward the southern Okinawa Trough.

In addition to the apparent mass flux determinations, some U and Th decay series nuclides have also been measured on the particulates in attempting to characterize their source, transport and behavior, including mean residence time and settling rates. These nuclides include Po-210, Pb-210 and U and Th isotopes. Po-210 is more or less parallel to Pb-210 but is always lower than Pb-210 in concentration. Both nuclides show periodic variations that are inversely correlated with the mass flux variations. U and Th isotopes vary much less than Po-210 and Pb-210.

Although the concentrations of Po-210 and Pb-210 are inversely correlated with the mass flux variations, the fluxes of these nuclides are controlled by the mass fluxes. High nuclear concentrations are associated with low mass fluxes of mostly very fine particles, but low concentrations are with high mass fluxes of mostly coarse or sand particles which contain less nuclides.

Professor Tsu-Chang Hung of National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, first observed the incident of green oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Taiwan in the Erhjin Chi coastal area in January, 1986 and mortality appeared three months later. The cause of the green oysters was identified as copper pollution, discharged from the local copper recycling practice. The copper content of the green oysters was extremely high and reached 2100, 2230, and 4400 μ g/g dry weight, in January 1986, February 1987 and January 1989, respectively. During the development of green oysters, a high adenylate energy charge (AEC) value (0.84 ± 0.01) was observed, and a low AEC value (0.21 ± 0.01) was obtained during mortality.

The copper bioaccumulation in oysters and the oyster mortality were observed to be influenced by the copper species (complexed by inorganic and organic anions, such as labile and nonlabile, polar and nonpolar, free ions and bioavailable) and forms (particulate and dissolved), and the copper assirnilative capacity (detoxifying). For instance, high concentrations of particulate organic copper (greater than 50% of total copper) and nonlabile organic copper (greater than 70% of total dissolved copper) with a high value (as high as 10.1 μ g/L) of copper assimilative capacity were the key factors causing the greening and mortality of oysters.

Recent data indicated that the processes of copper adsorption and desorption from sediments are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. Furthermore, the interactions among the total copper species and forms in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area were also studied.

On the other hand, algae are capable of accumulating numerous pollutants from sea water by many orders of magnitude. Growing algae in the polluted environment may improve the water qualities and the marine ecosystem as well as increase the oysters mariculture activities including the fishery resources. Therefore, a three-year (from August 1992 to July 1995) mitigation program of the marine ecological environment along the Erhjin Chi coastal area has been carried out. The seasonal and regional distributions of the non- biological parameters (such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate), chlorophyll-a, adenosine triphosphate, particulate organic carbon and heavy metals (including copper and zinc), and the biological parameters (such as primary productivity, species composition and interspecific relationships among phyto- and zooplanktons, algae, invertebrates, and fishes) before (from August 1992 to July 1993) and during (from August 1993 to July 1995) the algae-marine ranching periods are investigated.

The background data obtained in the first year were used to find the suitable season and location for growing the large algae (such as Ulva, Sargassum, Grateloupia, Halymenia, and Galaxaura) from laboratory to the field study area. In the second and third year studies, the processes of bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organic wastes in algae and the assessment of the environment and ecological impact of growing large algae along the Erhjin Chi coastal area were focused.

Our scientists also participated in the international Mussel-Watch program. Recently, the program was expanded, and in 1989 the new International Mussel-Watch committee (IMC) reorganized under the sponsorship of UNEP, UNESCO/IOC, and NOAA/USA. The first phase of IMW, a monitoring program with twenty-five South and Central American countries participating, was carried out in 1991-1993. The second phase of IMW in the Asian-Pacific Region was proposed by IMC in 1993.

A project on intercalibration of environmental analysis and monitoring of hazardous chemicals and substances among the Asian/Pacific countries (such as China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) has been initiated by United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo. The materials analyzed under the project are PCBs, DDTs, BHCs, chlordane compounds, organic tin compounds.

Since September 1994, the program of IMW/Taiwan, sponsored by the Environment Protection Administration, Taipei, has been carried out. The program includes three groups: (I) Sampling studies and heavy metals (as Cu, Sn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Hg, organic copper and organic tin) analyses. (2) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (such as DDTs, BHCs, chlordane compounds) analyses and (3) Petroleum hydrocarbons analyses.

Firstly, the quality assurances and good laboratory practices for sampling methods, diagnosing mussel health, and analyzing hazardous chemicals and substances will be focused. The toxic chemicals and substances in mussels and sediments collected from the coastal areas of Taiwan including Machu and Chinmen Islands were analyzed. The distribution of three groups of chemicals in the representative populations of the major species from the representative areas were investigated. Finally, the biological (as species, age, size, growth, stages, health condition, etc.) and environmental (seasonal and regional) factors to influence the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in mussels and/or bivalves were evaluated.

Within recent three years, Prof. Hung and his colleagues have also continuously participated in scientific programs related to environmental and ecological surveys under the topics of "Ecological and environmental surveys on waters adjacent to the nuclear power plants in Taiwan", "Ecological and environmental surveys of Lanyu radiowaste storage site", "Environmental studies along the Yunlin coastal area", "Environmental change and resource management in western Taiwan", etc. Compilation of these data provides valuable long-range information on our coastal environment. The funding for these projects has been provided by Academia Sinica Taipei, the National Science Council, the Atomic Energy Council, the Environmental Protection Administration, and others. Reports on these projects have been published in local and international journals, and a series of special monographs was published.

ROCSAT-1 is a low-earth orbit experimental satellite to be launched in the early 1999. The satellite will orbit in the earth at an altitude of 600 kilometers with an inclination of 35 degrees. Three payload instruments are: Ocean Color Imager (OCI), Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument (IPEI) and Experimental Communication Payload (ECP). The Ocean Color Imager will measure ocean color distribution in the Taiwan Strait, East China Sea, South China Sea and other regions that ROCSAT-1 orbit covered. Examples of research subjects are: 1. mapping pigment distribution in the low-latitude oceans, and generating surface spectral data for perspective use rs, 2. studying marine productivity and the dynamics of meso-scale eddies, 3. investigating influence of atmospheric aerosols in remote sensing. OCI is an all-refractive spectral-radiometer which has six spectral bands spanning from visible to near infrared. The hardware contract was awarded to Japan's NEC Corporation, and the instrument and its related scientific activities are managed and funded hy National Space Program Office (NSPO). The OCI Scienee Team (ST) is headed by Prof. Hsien-wen Li of National Taiwan Ocean University, which carries out the tasks of mission planning and coordination. The Science Data Distribution Center for Ocean Color Imager (OCI-SDDC) is also headed by Prof Hsien-wen Li of National Taiwan Ocean University, which is a day-to-day operating center and carries out data processing, distribution and archiving.

• Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University
• College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University
• Department of Oceanography, National TaiwanOcean University
• College of Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University
• Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute
• Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica
• National Kaohsiung College of Marine Technology
• Naval Hydrographic Office, Chinese Navy

Address: P.O. Box 23-13, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Tel: 886-2-2363-6040*218 

Fax: 886-945-864-043

E-mail: ctliu@ntu.edu.tw
　         

IUGG Home